'Psychology’s Classical Theorists Essay\r'

'In the demesne of psychological science, Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and Carl Jung, developed tether distinct theories of constitution that to this day, endure to be the foundations on which all modern psychological theories be built. All tether of these remarkable manpower knew and worked with all(prenominal) other. When Adler and Jung praised Freud’s book on moon interpretation, they were invited to join Freud’s mint of peers, who met weekly at his home in Vienna, Austria (Engler, 2006). At these meetings they discussed new and original outlooks of psychopathology (Comer, 2008).\r\nFreud, Adler, and Jung are unequivocally the most potent figures in modern psychology (Comer, 2008). Freud’s fantasy of the id, the ego, and the superego, are the underlying factors that began all three schools of aspect and that provide the foundations of modern psychology (Engler, 2006). Freud believed that the id had no border with reality and worked on the plea sure principle and luxuriant wants, with no lessonity involved. The ego develops as pip-squeakren stimulate the demands and constraints of reality. It uses undercoating to make decisions.\r\nThe superego is concerned with right and wrong, it is the moral compass, the conscience in each idiosyncratic (Comer, 2008). Freud believed that stack are unaware of the most important reputation processes. Like an iceberg, except the small portion of the witting heading is accessible and above the water. The preconscious, just break through of reach, and the subconscious, deeply repressed, is below the water completely. These are the reason for most problems with behavior and the soulfulnessality, tally to Freud (Nystul, 2006). Freud as well theorized that the personality was formed by early childhood experiences, called psychosexual floors (Engler, 2006).\r\nIf a child’s basic involve are not organismness met during one of these stages, the child may become â€Å"fixat ed” or stuck in that stage. For example, if an large(p) smokes, he or she could be said to be â€Å"orally fixated. ” According to Freud, infants at the oral stage use their mouths to explore their environment (Engler, 2006). Freud’s furiousness on sexuality is one of the main reasons wherefore Adler and Jung dis hold with him. They sight that Freud put entirely too much(prenominal) emphasis on the libido and sexual energy in children. Freud and Adler met every Wednesday for eleven years (Comer, 2008).\r\nIn 1911, Alder, along with eight colleagues, broke away from Freud’s circle to form the school of â€Å"Individual Psychology” (Engler, 2006). Adler’s theory differed from Freud’s in that it focuses on the person as a â€Å"whole. ” The Adlerian term, individual psychology, refers to the benignant being as indivisible, as opposed to Freud’s captivate of an individual being, internally divided (Engler, 2006). For Adler, each aspect of the personality points in the same direction (Nystul, 2006). Adler saying how humans connect with one another, with family, with adepts, with community, and with society as a whole.\r\nHe believed that this interconnectedness is essential for an individual to develop and to thrive (Comer, 2008). Each person develops uniquely, according to acquired experiences, both past and present. The process starts at infancy, as children compare themselves to older children and adults, they experience feelings of inferiority (Engler, 2006). This is a normal reaction to the awareness of not being able to do as one pleases. These feelings locomote people to strive towards usefulness and to become bestow members of the family, the group, and the society at large (Nystul, 2006).\r\nCarl Gustav Jung, long an champion of Freud, met him in Vienna, Austria in 1907, after Jung praised Freud’s book, â€Å"The explanation of Dreams” (Comer, 2008). At this historica l meeting they talked for 13 hours (Nystul, 2006). Freud thought that Jung, twenty years his junior, was to become his heir apparent. In 1910, Jung did become the first president of the International psychoanalytic Association (Engler, 2006). However, in 1914, Jung broke away from Freud, originally because he disagreed with Freud’s view of sexuality (Nystul, 2006). utilize his own theories, he then began the school of â€Å" analytic Psychology.\r\nâ€Å"Jung’s theory of personality divides the psyche into three distinct parts: the ego, consisting of the conscious mind, the personal unconscious, which contains thoughts, memories, and experiences that are not presently conscious, but can be, and the corporal unconscious (Nystul, 2006). The collective unconscious could be draw as a â€Å"psychic inheritance” (Comer, 2008). It could also be a type of reservoir of the human experience as a species. Yet, the individual is never conscious of its presence (Feist , 1985). Jung’s â€Å"Archetypes of the Personality” adopt from the collective unconscious.\r\nThese are the persona and its shadow, the fe manful anima and male animus, and the self. Jung felt that until balance could be found indoors these archetypes in each individual, the complete realization of the self could not be achieved (Comer, 2008). The son of a pastor, Jung had a great interest in spirituality and its effects on the personality. His studies and knowledge of eastern philosophy, yoga, and meditation fork up certainly had an impact on his theories and have contributed greatly to today’s holistic approach to boilersuit health (Nystul, 2006).\r\nJung’s theories and writings have had a major impact on contemporary thought in numerous areas such as art, music, and literary works (Douglas, 2005). Jung also coined the term â€Å"synchronicity,” which can be defined as â€Å"meaningful coincidences” occurring in everyday biograph y (Engler, 2006). Jung claimed that there exists a synchrony between the mind and the phenomenal world of perception in each individual. For example, thoughts of an old friend fill one’s mind in the evening. The next morning, that particular friend calls, or news about them is received, out of the blue.\r\nHowever, no physical evidence has been found to support this radical (Strogatz, 2004). Although Freud, Adler, and Jung had their unique theoretical differences, they also shared many commonalities. For instance, they all utilized hypnosis and dream interpretation as therapeutic tools to treat their patients (Comer, 2008). They also all agreed on the importance of early life experiences and the mankind of unconscious processes (Nystul, 2006).\r\nIn the field of psychology, Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and Carl Jung, developed three distinct theories of personality that to this day continue to be the foundations on which all modern psychological theories are built. In their day, these three men were on the pungent edge of the newest science of western civilization. If not for Freud, Alder, and Jung psychology would not have evolved into the field that it is today. ReferencesComer, Ronald, J. (2008).\r\nFundamentals of brachydactylous psychology. (5th edition). sensitive York, NY. Worth Publishers. Douglas, C. (2005). Current psychotherapies. (7th Edition). (pgs. 96-129). Itasca, Ill. F. E. Peacock. Engler, Barbara. (2006). Personality theories. (7th Edition).\r\nBoston, MA. Houghton, Mifflin Company. Feist, J. (1985). Theories of personality. New York, NY. Holt, Rinehart, & Winston. Nystul, Michael (2006). Introduction to counseling, an art and science scene (3rd Edition). Boston, MA. Pearson, Allyn, & Bacon. Strogatz, Steven, H. (2004). SYNC: How order emerges from chaos in the universe, nature, and daily life. New York, NY. Hyperion. NOTE FROM AUTHOR: The only comments from my professor were about APA formatting, like margins, and double space the bibliography. No points were lost for this.\r\n'